--- title: The modulo operation _Follow along with this video:_ --- ### Understanding Modulo We ended the previous lesson when we defined the following function: ```solidity function fulfillRandomWords(uint256 requestId, uint256[] memory randomWords) internal override {} ``` As we've said before, this function is going to be called by the VRF service. Here we will be given 1 random word (1 because of the `NUM_WORDS` we defined in the previous lesson). This isn't a `word` as in a string of letters like `pizza`, this is a big and random uint256. Being a number we can use it to do math. What we need is to use the `modulo` operator denoted as `%` in Solidity. The modulo operation (often abbreviated as "mod") is a mathematical operation that finds the remainder when one integer is divided by another. In other words, given two numbers, a and b, the modulo operation `a % b` returns the remainder of the `a / b` division. Examples: ``` 5 % 2 = 1 // Because 5 is 2 * 2 + 1 11 % 3 = 2 // Because 11 is 3 * 3 + 2 159 % 50 = 9 // Because 153 is 50 * 3 + 9 1000 % 10 = 0 // Because 1000 is 100 * 10 + 0 ``` We are going to use this function to pick a random winner. Let's say we have 10 players (`s_players.length = 10`). Now let's say Chainlink VRF sends back the number `123454321` (I know, super random). Given that the `% 10` operation can yield a value between [0:9] we can use the result of the `randomNumber % 10` as the `s_players` index corresponding to the winner. Using the actual numbers: ``` 123454321 % 10 = 1 ``` This means that the player with index 1 (`s_players[1]`) is the winner of our raffle! The random number will always be different and sufficiently large. Using `s_players.length` will ensure that we always include all the players who paid a ticket. Perfect! ### Picking the winner Enough theory, let's implement it in code! ```solidity function fulfillRandomWords(uint256 requestId, uint256[] memory randomWords) internal override { uint256 indexOfWinner = randomWords[0] % s_players.length; address payable winner = s_players[indexOfWinner]; } ``` Now let's record this last winner in state and send them their prize. ```solidity function fulfillRandomWords(uint256 requestId, uint256[] memory randomWords) internal override { uint256 indexOfWinner = randomWords[0] % s_players.length; address payable winner = s_players[indexOfWinner]; s_recentWinner = winner; (bool success,) = winner.call{value:address(this).balance}(""); if (!success) { revert Raffle__TransferFailed(); } } ``` Let's define the `Raffle__TransferFailed()` custom error and the `s_recentWinner` variable in the state variables section. ```solidity error Raffle__NotEnoughEthSent(); error Raffle__TransferFailed(); // Raffle related variables uint256 private immutable i_entranceFee; uint256 private immutable i_interval; uint256 private s_lastTimeStamp; address payable[] private s_players; address payable private s_recentWinner; ``` Amazing! Let's keep going!